Indicator 5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Target 5.2: By 2030 eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

Indicator 5.2.1: Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age

December 2021

Related indicators are; 5.2.2, 11.7.2, 16.1.3 and 16.2.3

Uganda Bureau Of Statistics

Uganda Bureau Of Statistics

Ms. Pamela Kakande

Demography & Social Statistics (DSS)

Senior Statistician

+256 772 303441

P.O.Box 7186Kampala

pamela.kakande@ubos.org

Definition:

This indicator measures the percentage of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older who have experienced physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner, in the previous 12 months. Definition of violence against women and girls and of the forms of violence specified under this indicator is presented in the next section.

Concepts:

According to the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993), violence against women is “Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. Violence against women shall be understood to encompass, but not be limited to, the following: Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family.

Intimate partner violence against women includes any abuse perpetrated by a current or former partner within the context of marriage, cohabitation or any other formal or informal union.

The different forms of violence included in the indicator are defined as follows:

1. Physical violence consists of acts aimed at physically hurting the victim and include, but are not limited to, acts like pushing, grabbing, twisting the arm, pulling hair, slapping, kicking, biting or hitting with a fist or object, trying to strangle or suffocate, burning or scalding on purpose, or threatening or attacking with some sort of weapon, gun or knife.

2. Sexual violence is defined as any sort of harmful or unwanted sexual behavior that is imposed on someone, whether by use of physical force, intimidation or coercion. It includes acts of abusive sexual contact, forced sexual acts, attempted or completed sexual acts (intercourse) without consent (rape or attempted rape), non-contact acts such as being forced to watch or participate in pornography, etc. In intimate partner relationships, sexual violence is commonly operationally defined in surveys as: being physically forced to have sexual intercourse, having sexual intercourse out of fear for what the partner might do or through coercion, and/or being forced to so something sexual that the woman considers humiliating or degrading.

3. Psychological violence consists of any act that induces fear or emotional distress. It includes a range of behaviors that encompass acts of emotional abuse such as being frequently humiliated in public, intimidated or having things you care for destroyed, etc. These often coexist with acts of physical and sexual violence by intimate partners. In addition, surveys often measure controlling behaviors (e.g., being kept from seeing family or friends, or from seeking health care without permission). These are also considered acts of psychological abuse.

Proportion

The ‘gold standard’ being applied to the data and estimates generation refers to the Guidelines for Producing Statistics on Violence against Women- Statistical Surveys (UN, 2014) and the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes ICCS (UNODC, 2015).

The Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS).

Data collection includes; survey planning, consultative user needs assessment meetings, survey and sampling design, questionnaire development, pretesting and finalization of questionnaires, recruitment and training of field staff, field data collection and capture, data processing, management, checking and analysis, report writing and production. At each stage, the survey conformed to international best practices in survey implementation.

Sample Design:

The sample design for the UDHS used the sampling frame from the Uganda National Population and Housing Census (NPHC 2014).The census frame is a complete list of all census Enumeration Areas (EAs) created for the 2014 NPHC. In Uganda, an EA is a geographic area that covers an average of about 130 households.

At the time of the NPHC, Uganda was divided administratively into 112 districts, which were grouped for this survey into 15 regions. The sample for the 2016 UDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the 15 sub regions. Estimates are also presented for three special areas: the Lake Victoria islands, the mountainous districts, and greater Kampala

The 2016 UDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. In the first stage, 697 EAs were selected from the 2014 NPHC, 162 EAs in urban areas and 535 in rural areas.

Households constituted the second stage of sampling. A listing of households was compiled in each of the 696 accessible selected EAs from April to October 2016.

To minimize the task of household listing, each large EA (that is to say more than 300 households) selected for the 2016 UDHS was segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey with probability proportional to segment size, and the household listing was conducted only in the selected segment.

Out of the 20,880 selected households (30 households per EA), 18,506 women aged 15-49 were successfully interviewed. All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In one-third of the sampled households, all men age 15-54, including both usual residents and visitors who stayed in the household the night before the interview, were eligible for individual interviews.

Training and field work:

UBOS recruited and trained field staff to serve as supervisors, CAPI managers, interviewers, health technicians, and reserve interviewers for the main fieldwork. Health technicians were trained separately from interviewers. A two day f ield practice was organized to provide trainees with additional hands on practice before the actual fieldwork. Prior to the main field work, a pre-test was conducted and best practices were adopted.

Questionnaires:

Four questionnaires were used for the 2016 UDHS: The Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Uganda.

Input was solicited from all stakeholders such as; Government Ministries and Agencies, Non-governmental Organizations, and Development partners. After the finalization of the questionnaires in English, they were then translated into eight major local languages. The Household, Woman’s, and Man’s Questionnaires were programmed into a computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) application for data collection purposes.

Data collection:

Data collection was conducted by 21 field teams, each consisting of one team leader, one field data Manager, three female interviewers, one male interviewer, one health technician, and a driver. The health technicians were responsible for anthropometric measurements, blood sample collection for Hemoglobin and malaria testing, and DBS specimen collection for vitamin A testing.

The interviewers used tablets to record all questionnaire responses during the interviews. The tablets were equipped with Bluetooth technology to enable remote electronic transfer of files, such as assignments from the team supervisor to the interviewers, individual questionnaires among survey team members, and completed questionnaires from interviewers to team supervisors.

The field supervisors transferred data to the central data processing office via IFSS. Senior staff from the Makerere University School of Public Health, the Ministry of Health, and UBOS and a survey technical specialist from the DHS Program coordinated and supervised fieldwork activities. Data collection took place over a 6-month period from June 2016 through December 2016.

Every 5 years

Uganda Bureau of statistics

Uganda Bureau of statistics

The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) Act, 1998 provides for the development and maintenance of National Statistical System (NSS) to ensure collection, analysis and publication of integrated, relevant, reliable and timely statistical information. It established the Bureau as a coordinating, monitoring and supervisory body for the NSS

Intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence that women face globally. Given prevailing social norms that sanction male dominance over women, male violence towards their female intimate partners is often perceived as an ordinary/normal element of relationships in the context of marriage or other unions. Violence against women is an extreme manifestation of gender inequality.

Prevalence data are required to measure the magnitude of the problem; understand the various forms of violence and their consequences; identify groups at high risk; and explore the barriers to seeking help in order to ensure that the appropriate responses are being provided. These data are the starting point for informing laws, policies, and developing effective responses and program. They also allow countries to monitor change over time and optimally target resources to maximize the effectiveness of interventions (especially in resource-constrained setting).

This indicator calls for national and global reporting on three types of intimate partner violence: physical, sexual, and psychological. While there is global consensus on how physical and sexual intimate partner violence are generally defined and measured, psychological partner violence which was defined as emotional may require further conceptualization across different cultures in Uganda.

Data are available for women aged 15-49 who have ever been in union only.

This indicator was breakdown by form of violence and by age group. In Uganda, we compute prevalence data for each form of violence as detailed below to assist comparability at the regional and global levels:

1. Physical intimate partner violence: Number of ever-partnered women (aged 15 years and above) who experience physical violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months divided by the number of ever-partnered women and girls (aged 15 years and above) in the population multiplied by 100 .

2. Sexual intimate partner violence: Number of ever-partnered women (aged 15 years and above) who experience sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months divided by the number of ever-partnered women (aged 15 years and above) in the population multiplied by 100.

3. Psychological intimate partner violence: Number of ever-partnered women (aged 15 years and above) who experience emotional violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months divided by the number of ever-partnered women (aged 15 years and above) multiplied by 100.

4. Any form of physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence: Number of ever-partnered women (15-49 years) who experience physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months divided by the number of ever-partnered women (aged 15-49 years) multiplied by 100.

5. Any form of physical, sexual and/or emotional intimate partner violence: Number of ever-partnered women (aged 15-49 years) who experience physical, sexual and/or emotional violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months divided by the number of ever-partnered women (15-49 years) multiplied by 100.

Pretest, Training of field staff, field supervision, and data processing were conducted.

Data Processing: It included checking for inconsistences, incompleteness and outliers.

Data editing and cleaning included structure and consistency checks to ensure completeness of work in the field.

In Uganda, information on intimate partner violence is collected through violence against women modules that are added to the UDHS; and the Crime Victimization Survey.

UN Guidelines for Producing Statistics on Violence against Women- Statistical Surveys (UN, 2014).

1. The survey implementation is overseen by a Steering Committee which is constituted using a multi sectorial approach.

2. The survey report is reviewed by an experienced team at Management level who are in most cases Directors or Heads of departments and key stakeholders from Makerere School of Public Health, Molecular Laboratory of Makerere University School of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health and later reviewed by consultants

The UDHS goes through several stages before production and sharing of the final findings. During the Survey implementation.

1. Consultative user needs assessment meetings are held with all key stakeholders.
2. ICF International provided consultants to oversee the UDHS.
3. The survey and sampling design generated using scientific methods as recommended by the Census and Survey Rules and Regulations.
4. The questionnaire development for different categories of the Target respondents was adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Uganda. (Man’s Questionnaire, Woman’s questionnaire, Biomarker questionnaire and Field worker questionnaire. This follows a multi-stakeholder approach and pretesting helps to establish the relevancy and adequacy of the questions to be used.
5. Senior Supervision is conducted during data collection to ensure that quality data is collected.
6. Field Data editing, Secondary data cleaning and coding is undertaken before analysis and report writing

Before dissemination, the report is reviewed and quality assured by a professional team of the National Statistical System.

Quality Control is addressed at all levels during Survey implementation

Data availability:

Data is available in 2016 UDHS, for 15 regions

Data series:

2016 UDHS

Data disaggregation:

In addition to forms of violence and age, income/wealth, Religion, Residence, 15 sub-regions, education, employment, ethnicity, disability status, marital status, special area, and number of living children.

None

1. World Health Organization, 2021. Violence against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women.

2. United Nations, 2014. Guidelines for Producing Statistics on Violence against Women- Statistical Surveys.

3. United Nations, 2015. The World’s Women 2015, Trends and Statistics.

4. World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, South African Medical Research Council, 2013.

5. UN Women. 2016. Global Database on Violence against Women.

6. UNSD Portal on the minimum set of gender indicators

7. UNSD dedicated portal for data and metadata on violence against women:

8. Uganda Demographic Health Survey 2016 https://www.ubos.org